The new Covenant and Israel

The word of God uses the phrases “first covenant,” “first testament,” “old testament,” “new covenant,” and “new testament.” Here is an overview of these terms and how they relate to Israel.

“First covenant” occurs twice, both times referring to the covenant that the LORD made with Israel at mount Sinai. (See, Hebrews 8:7; 9:1.)

“First testament” occurs twice: once in connection with the transgressions that were under the testament, and once with the dedication of the testament by the sprinkling of animal blood, which was done by Moses at mount Sinai. (See, Hebrews 9:15,18.)

“Old testament” occurs once and is linked with the law of Moses, which was given to Israel at mount Sinai. (See, 2 Corinthians 3:14,15.)

“New covenant” occurs four times: once linked with Jesus as mediator, and three times with the Lord’s new covenant with the house of Israel. (See: Jeremiah 31:31–37; Hebrews 8:8–13; 12:124.)

“New testament” occurs six times: once associated with the spirit that gives life, once with Christ’s role as mediator, and four times with Jesus’ blood, which was shed for sinners and for the remission of sins. (See: Matthew 26:28; Mark 14:24; Luke 22:20; 1 Corinthians 11:25; 2 Corinthians 3:6; Hebrews 9:15.)

The Scriptures show that Jesus shed his blood not only for the remission of sins, but also to establish a new covenant with the house of Israel. Seeing that Jesus is the mediator of the new covenant, and that he is a priest for ever after the order of Melchizedek, and seeing all the promises that the prophets spoke of regarding Israel, it is evident that the LORD’S new covenant will never diminish or vanish away, nor will it be replaced with another.

Just as Gentiles were allowed to join themselves to the first covenant that was made with Israel, and by doing so received certain blessings, so too can they come into the second covenant by faith in Christ and inherit many things, such as forgiveness of sins, the indwelling of the Spirit, having the Lord’s law written in their hearts, having JEHOVAH as their God, and more.

As the sun rises each morning, so will the Lord for ever keep the new covenant with Israel and the saints, whether they be Jews or Gentiles. And just as the covenant endures, so too will the new testament remain for all time.